Reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus with elliptical polarization

ABSTRACT

A reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus  14  is composed of a light source  2 , a polarizing plate  16 A for incident light, a reflective liquid crystal element  8 , another polarizing plate  16 B for reflected light that is disposed in the cross Nicol relation with the polarizing plate  16 A and a phase difference compensating plate  18  disposed between the reflective liquid crystal element  8  and the other polarizing plate  16 B. The reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus  14  projects a picture image formed in the reflective liquid crystal element  8  on a screen  12  through a projection lens  10 . The phase difference compensating plate  18  has no anisotropy in a plane parallel direction and a larger refractive index in the plane parallel direction than another refractive index in the thickness direction, and is disposed with being slightly tilted with respect to the reflective liquid crystal element  8 . Accordingly, a picture image high in brightness and high in black and white contrast ratio can be projected on the screen  12.

This application is a Divisional of application Ser. No. 10/358,247,filed on Feb. 5, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,110,053 and for whichpriority is claimed under 35 U.S.C. § 120; and this application claimspriority of application No. 2002-055778 filed in Japan on Mar. 1, 2002,and Application No. 2002-145871 filed in Japan on May 21, 2002, under 35U.S.C. § 119; the entire contents of all are hereby incorporated byreference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

The present invention is related to a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus.

2. Description of the Related Arts

FIG. 22 is one example of a configuration of reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to the prior art.

Generally, a reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 1(hereinafter referred to as reflective LCD projector 1) having aconfiguration shown in FIG. 22 is commonly known. As shown in FIG. 22,the reflective LCD projector 1 is composed of a light source 2 such as alamp, a collimating lens 4 that collimates light emitted from the lightsource 2, a polarizing beam splitter 6, a reflective liquid crystalelement 8 (hereinafter referred to as reflective LCD 8) that modulatespolarized light in response to a picture signal S1 that is supplied tothe reflective LCD 8, a projection lens 10 and a screen 12. The light,which is reflected by the reflective LCD 8 and passes through thepolarizing beam splitter 6, is projected on the screen 12 by theprojection lens 10.

In the reflective LCD projector 1, the light emitted from the lightsource 2 is collimated to be parallel approximately by the collimatinglens 4 and converted into linear polarized light by the polarizing beamsplitter 6, and then irradiated on the reflective LCD 8. In thereflective LCD 8, the light is modulated by the picture signal S1 andreflected. The reflected light is incident to the polarizing beamsplitter 6 again, and a particular component of the reflected light isseparated, and then the separated light is projected on the screen 12through the projection lens 10. Consequently, a picture image isprojected on the screen 12. Since the light that shuttles between thepolarizing beam splitter 6 and the reflective LCD 8 passes through thesame optical path, such a light source system of the reflective LCDprojector 1 is termed as an ON-AXIS optical system.

In the case of such an ON-AXIS optical system, as long as the polarizingbeam splitter is used, there existed a phenomenon such that apolarization condition for skew light is apt to be changed due to thecharacteristic of the polarizing beam splitter. Consequently, thereexisted a problem such that leaked light caused by the above-mentionedphenomenon makes it difficult to display black state excellently.

In order to solve the problem mentioned above, it is commonly practicedthat inserting a ¼ wavelength (λ) plate (hereinafter referred to as λ/4plate) into the light path between the polarizing beam splitter 6 andthe reflective LCD 8 compensates a black level and obtains an excellentblack state.

This kind of projection apparatus is apt to use the projection lens 10having a larger NA (numerical aperture) so as to display a brighterpicture image on the screen 12. Although increasing an NA reduces an Fnumber and enables to make a projected picture image brighter, however,there existed another problem such that increasing the NA increaseslight loss in the polarizing beam splitter 6 and results in that theprojected picture image is not so bright as expected.

Further, if the NA is increased, light that passes through the liquidcrystal layer of the reflective LCD 8 obliquely is also used forprojecting a picture image on the screen 12, and resulted in a problemof deteriorating black-and-white contrast ratio.

In addition thereto, it is strictly required for the optimum angle ofthe λ/4 plate to be adjusted precisely. Consequently, delicate angleadjustment as many as the order of 0.1 degree, for example, isnecessary, and resulted in creating another problem that the angleadjustment becomes harder.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in consideration of the above-mentioned problems of theprior art, an object of the present invention is to provide a reflectiveliquid crystal projection apparatus, which can project a brighterpicture image and display the picture image in high black-and-whitecontrast ratio.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides,according to an aspect thereof, a reflective liquid crystal projectionapparatus comprising: a light source; a means for polarizing incidentlight and for making first polarized light out of light emitted from thelight source pass through; a reflective liquid crystal element opticallymodulating the first polarized light passed through the means forpolarizing incident light into second polarized light and reflecting thesecond polarized light; a means for polarizing reflected light and formaking the second polarized light reflected by the reflective liquidcrystal element pass through; and a phase difference compensating platedisposed between the reflective liquid crystal element and the means forpolarizing incident light and reflected light in a light path of thelight emitted from the light source, the reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus projecting a picture image formed in the reflectiveliquid crystal element by the second polarized light passing through themeans for polarizing reflected light, and the reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus is further characterized in that the phasedifference compensating plate has no anisotropy in a plane paralleldirection and has a refractive index in the plane parallel directionlarger than another refractive index in the thickness direction, and isdisposed with being slightly tilted with respect to the reflectiveliquid crystal element.

According to another aspect of the present invention, there provided areflective liquid crystal projection apparatus comprising: a lightsource; a means for polarizing incident light and for making firstpolarized light out of light emitted from the light source pass through;a reflective liquid crystal element optically modulating the firstpolarized light passed through the means for polarizing incident lightinto second polarized light and reflecting the second polarized light; ameans for polarizing reflected light and for making the second polarizedlight reflected by the reflective liquid crystal element pass through;and a phase difference compensating plate disposed between thereflective liquid crystal element and the means for polarizing incidentlight and reflected light in a light path of the light emitted from thelight source, the reflective liquid crystal projection apparatusprojecting a picture image formed in the reflective liquid crystalelement by the second polarized light passing through the means forpolarizing reflected light, and the reflective liquid crystal projectionapparatus is further characterized in that the phase differencecompensating plate has a refractive index difference, which generates aphase difference larger than another phase difference generated by anapplied voltage that is used for displaying black state, in a planeparallel direction and a phase difference in the plane paralleldirection larger than another refractive index in the thicknessdirection.

According to further aspect of the present invention, there provided areflective liquid crystal projection apparatus comprising: a lightsource; a means for polarizing incident light and for making firstpolarized light out of light emitted from the light source pass through;a reflective liquid crystal element optically modulating the firstpolarized light passed through the means for polarizing incident lightinto second polarized light and reflecting the second polarized light; ameans for polarizing reflected light and for making the second polarizedlight reflected by the reflective liquid crystal element pass through;and a phase difference compensating plate disposed between thereflective liquid crystal element and the means for polarizing incidentlight and reflected light in a light path of the light emitted from thelight source, the reflective liquid crystal projection apparatusprojecting a picture image formed in the reflective liquid crystalelement by the second polarized light passing through the means forpolarizing reflected light, and the reflective liquid crystal projectionapparatus is further characterized in that the phase differencecompensating plate conducts the circular polarization or the ellipticalpolarization, and a phase difference of the phase differencecompensating plate is within a range of more than a phase differencegenerated in the reflective liquid crystal element and less than λ/4,wherein λ is a center wavelength of the light incident into the phasedifference compensating plate.

Other object and further features of the present invention will beapparent from the following detailed description when read inconjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a first basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a first phase difference compensating plate ofthe reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a relationship between a disposing direction of the firstphase difference compensating plate shown in FIG. 1 and a direction ofliquid crystal molecule.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory drawing for explaining a slanted state of thefirst phase difference compensating plate shown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b) are graphs showing a viewing angle characteristicin the black state when no voltage is applied across the liquid crystalin the basic configuration shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a second basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7( a) shows a relative disposition of each component of thereflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 7( b) shows a relation between polarization and the relativedisposition of each component shown in FIG. 7( a).

FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change of intensity of light (brightness)passing through the second phase difference compensating plate while thesecond phase difference compensating plate is rotated horizontally inone full turn.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing a change of black level that is measured bychanging an incident angle of light in the optical system of thereflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relationship among a rotational angle, aplate thickness of the second phase difference compensating plate andbrightness three-dimensionally.

FIG. 11 is a graph exhibiting the three-dimensional graph shown in FIG.10 in plane by a contour line.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between a parameter“(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the horizontal direction and brightness.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing one example of a light leaking state thathappens in accordance with a direction of incident light when the lightis incident into the reflective liquid crystal element in the dark statewhen a pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystal is 80 degrees.

FIG. 14 is a graph of cross section that is cut along the arrowdirection shown in FIG. 13 showing a relationship between brightness anda rotational angle of the second phase difference compensating plate.

FIG. 15 is a third basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a third embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 16 shows a polarization direction of each plate of polarizingplates for incident light and reflected light and a phase differencecompensating plate shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing a change of black level when changing anangle α shown in FIG. 16 and a plate thickness H3 of the phasedifference compensating plate 32 shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when the phase difference compensating plate 32 is excluded.

FIG. 19( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase difference compensatingplate 32 is 1×λ/4.

FIG. 19( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristiccorresponding to the relationship shown in FIG. 19( a).

FIG. 20( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage applied across the reflective liquid crystal element 8shown in FIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase differencecompensating plate 32 is 1.5×λ/4.

FIG. 20( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristiccorresponding to the relationship shown in FIG. 20( a).

FIG. 21( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase difference compensatingplate 32 is 0.5×λ/4, 1×λ/4 and 1.5×λ/4 respectively.

FIG. 21( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristic when aphase difference in the phase difference compensating plate 32 is0.5×λ/4.

FIG. 22 is one example of a configuration of reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to the prior art.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In the preferred embodiments of the present invention, a particular casethat uses a polarizing plate as a device for polarizing incident lightor reflected light is explained.

First Embodiment

FIG. 1 is a first basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a first embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a plan view of a first phase difference compensating plate ofthe reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 shows a relationship between a disposing direction of the firstphase difference compensating plate shown in FIG. 1 and a direction ofliquid crystal molecule.

FIG. 4 is an explanatory drawing for explaining a slanted state of thefirst phase difference compensating plate shown in FIG. 1.

FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b) are graphs showing a viewing angle characteristicin the black state when no voltage is applied across the liquid crystalin the basic configuration shown in FIG. 1.

A major feature of the first embodiment is that a so-called OFF-AXISoptical system in which a light path toward a liquid crystal elementdiffers from a light path from the liquid crystal element is adoptedwithout using a polarizing beam splitter.

Further, a flat compensating plate having a lower refractive index in anaxial direction such as discotic liquid crystal in which discotic liquidcrystal molecules are piled up and form a columnar shape is used foroptically compensating distortion caused by the liquid crystal elementbecause a liquid crystal molecule has a larger refractive index in amajor axis direction.

Furthermore, in order to compensate affection caused by a tilted liquidcrystal molecule completely, the compensating plate is inserted into anoptical system with tilting the compensating plate slightly.Consequently, ideal optical compensation can be realized.

As shown in FIG. 1, a reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 14(hereinafter referred to as reflective LCD projector 14) is composed ofa light source 2 such as a lamp, a collimating lens 4 that collimateslight emitted from the light source 2, a polarizing plate unit 16, areflective liquid crystal element 8 (hereinafter referred to asreflective LCD 8) in which a direction of liquid crystal correspondingto a plurality of pixels is controlled by a picture signal S1 suppliedto the reflective LCD 8, a projection lens 10, a screen 12, and a firstphase difference compensating plate 18 having a thickness of H1, whereinthe first phase difference compensating plate 18 is the major feature ofthe present invention. Light, which is reflected by the reflective LCD 8and passes through the first phase difference compensating plate 18 andthe polarizing plate unit 16, is projected on the screen 12 by theprojection lens 10. In this first embodiment, a LCD (liquid crystaldisplay) such that liquid crystal molecules are disposed vertically isused for the reflective LCD 8.

Actually, the reflective LCD projector 14 has a structure of theOFF-AXIS optical system, so that incident light is irradiated on thereflective LCD 8 from a direction inclined a predetermined angle α1(hereinafter referred to as incident angle α1) with respect to thevertical direction of the reflective LCD 8. Consequently, a light pathof the incident light and another light path of reflected light isintended to be different from each other. In addition, the incidentangle α1 is within a range of 2 degrees to 45 degrees.

As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, the polarizing plate unit 16 is composed of aplate 16A for polarizing incident light (hereinafter referred to aspolarizing plate 16A), wherein incident light toward the reflective LCD8 passes through the polarizing plate 16A, and another plate 16B forpolarizing reflected light (hereinafter referred to as polarizing plate16B), wherein light reflected by the reflective LCD 8 passes through thepolarizing plate 16B. Optical characteristics of the polarizing plates16A and 16B are intended to be different from each other. The polarizingplate 16A is designed to pass S polarized light only, for example. Onthe contrary, the other polarizing plate 16B is designed to pass Ppolarized light only. The polarizing plates 16A and 16B can be designedto invert it function of passing the S polarized light or the Ppolarized light.

Further, the polarizing plate unit 16 is disposed in parallel to thereflective LCD 8.

Furthermore, it should be understood that the polarizing plates 16A and16B of the polarizing plate unit 16 could be disposed separately.

Moreover, the first phase difference compensating plate 18 is disposedwithin a light path between the polarizing plate unit 16 and thereflective LCD 8 with inclined an angle θ (hereinafter referred to astilt angle θ) slightly with respect to the horizontal direction of thereflective LCD 8. The first phase difference compensating plate 18 isnot anisotropic in a plane parallel direction, and a refractive index inthe depth direction is set to be smaller than that in the plane paralleldirection. In other words, a refractive index N of the first phasedifference compensating plate 18 is designed to be equal to anydirections in the plane parallel direction.

In addition, the refractive index N is designed to be larger thananother refractive index Nz in the depth direction, that is, N>Nz.

A discotic liquid crystal and a TAC (triacetyl cellulose) film can beused for the first phase difference compensating plate 18.

The thickness Hi of the first phase difference compensating plate 18 isdetermined by a following equation.

H1=Δn×d/(N−Nz), where

-   -   Δn is a refractive index difference between the major axis and        the minor axis with respect to a liquid crystal in the        reflective LCD 8, and    -   “d” is a thickness of a liquid crystal cell in the reflective        LCD 8.

In a case that a refractive index difference Δn between the major axisdirection and the minor axis direction of liquid crystal is 0.083, athickness “d” of a liquid crystal cell is 3.2 μm, a refractive index Nin the plane parallel directions of the first phase differencecompensating plate 18 is 1.52250 and a refractive index Nz in the depthdirection of the first phase difference compensating plate 18 is1.51586, for example, a thickness H1 of the first phase differencecompensating plate 18 becomes 40 μm approximately.

In this first embodiment, the first phase difference compensating plate18 of which the thickness H1 is set to be 40 μm is used.

Further, in this case, a liquid crystal molecule 8A of the reflectiveLCD 8 is disposed with being inclined a slight angle θ1 with respect tothe vertical direction of the reflective LCD 8 as shown in FIG. 3.

Furthermore, the first phase difference compensating plate 18 isdisposed so as to be perpendicular to the tilted direction of the liquidcrystal molecule 8A as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, wherein an angle θ2 thatis an interior angle between the liquid crystal molecule 8A and thehorizontal direction of the reflective LCD 8 is defined as a pre-tiltangle θ2. Consequently, in a case that the pre-tilt angle θ2 is set tobe 85 degrees approximately, that is, the angle θ1 is approximately 5degrees, the tilt angle θ of the first phase difference compensatingplate 18 is set to be 5 degrees approximately.

When a picture image is actually displayed by using the reflective LCDprojector 14 constituted as mentioned above, it is confirmed that aphase difference is compensated ideally, a viewing angle characteristicis expanded more widely, and black-and-white contrast ratio isincreased. In other words, according to this embodiment, black-and-whitecontrast ratio can be increased extremely as well as enabling to use aprojection lens having a smaller F-number and to project a brighterpicture image.

A viewing angle characteristic and displaying black-and-white level isexamined. Therefore, a result of examination is explained next.

A basic optical system used for the examination is equivalent to theoptical system shown in FIG. 1. Light emitted by the light source 2passes through the first phase difference compensating plate 18 by wayof the polarizing plate 16A for incident light and incident into thereflective LCD 8. The incident light into the reflective LCD 8 isoptically modulated and reflected. The reflected light passes throughthe first phase difference compensating plate 18 once again andoptically detected by the other polarizing plate 16B for reflected lightthat is disposed in the cross Nicol arrangement. By using a photo sensornot shown, light passing through the other polarizing plate 16B ismonitored. An incident direction of light is changed without changinglocations of the reflective LCD 8 and the first phase differencecompensating plate 18 or an azimuth of polarization. With respect to anincident direction of the reflective LCD 8, there is existed ahemispherical observing direction of 90 degrees in the polar angledirection and 360 degrees in the azimuth direction. Characteristicsobserved from such a hemispherical observing direction are shown inFIGS. 5( a) and 5(b). In FIGS. 5( a) and 5(b), a characteristic, whichis observed when a polar angle, that is, the incident angle α1 in FIG.1, is changed, is exhibited by a radius position. In the graphs shown inFIGS. 5( a) and 5(b), four coaxial circles correspond to 20, 40, 60 and80 degrees of the incident angle α1 respectively in accordance withcircles from the innermost circle to the outermost circle. Figures 0°,90°, 180°, and 270°, allocated along the outermost circle are azimuthangles.

FIG. 5( a) shows brightness while displaying black state by using thereflective LCD projector 14 according to the first embodiment of thepresent invention. In a viewing angle characteristic as shown in FIG. 5(a), brightness is exhibited by contour lines and an area in which ablack level having sufficient contrast ratio such as a contrast ratio of400:1 can be obtained is indicated by slanted lines. The black leveldecreases, that is, brightness becomes darker in accordance withapproaching the center of the graph. On the contrary, the black levelincreases and brightness becomes brighter in accordance with approachingthe outermost circumference of the graph. The situation is the same asfor a viewing angle characteristic to be mentioned hereinafter.

It is apparent from the graph shown in FIG. 5( a) that the shaded areain which a black level is practical level is relatively wide.

Further, it is found that a wide viewing angle characteristic can beobtained without showing a tendency of brightness that increases rapidlyin a particular direction.

On the other hand, FIG. 5( b) shows brightness when the first phasedifference compensating plate 18 is not used. In this case, a shadedarea having a practical black level is narrowed at azimuth angles of 45degrees and 225 degrees in comparison with that shown in FIG. 5( a). Ifthese azimuth angles are adopted, total contrast ratio of a projectedpicture image is deteriorated and results in generating uneven contrastin the projected picture image. Consequently, a usable range of incidentangle is extremely restricted.

In addition thereto, in the case of the ON-AXIS optical system using thepolarizing beam splitter 6 such as shown in FIG. 22, if the first phasedifference compensating plate 18 is inserted into the light path betweenthe polarizing beam splitter 6 and the reflective LCD 8, light thatpenetrates into the polarizing beam splitter 6 with being tilted ismodulated and reflected by the reflective LCD 8. When the reflectedlight penetrates into the polarizing beam splitter 6 again, thereflected light passes through the polarized beam splitter 6 otherwise acharacteristic of the first phase difference compensating plate 18 to beinserted is λ/4. Accordingly, using the first phase differencecompensating plate 18 so as to compensate optically is not effective forthe ON-AXIS optical system.

Second Embodiment

A major feature of a second embodiment is that a phase differencecompensating plate, which has a phase difference in the horizontaldirection or a plane parallel direction larger than another phasedifference that is generated in a liquid crystal by a certain voltageused for displaying black state.

Further, a refractive index in a thickness direction of the phasedifference compensating plate is smaller than another refractive indexin the plane parallel direction is inserted between a liquid crystalelement and a polarizing plate so as to pass incident light andreflected light.

In the above-mentioned case, a position of rotational direction of thephase difference compensating plate is set so as to be an optimaldirection that is automatically decided by a polarizing direction ofincident light into the phase difference compensating plate and aorientation direction of a liquid crystal molecule in the phasedifference compensating plate.

FIG. 6 is a second basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a second embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 7( a) shows a relative disposition of each component of thereflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 7( b) shows a relation between polarization and the relativedisposition of each component shown in FIG. 7( a).

FIG. 8 is a graph showing a change of intensity of light (brightness)passing through the second phase difference compensating plate while thesecond phase difference compensating plate is rotated horizontally inone full turn.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing a change of black level that is measured bychanging an incident angle of light in the optical system of thereflective liquid crystal projection apparatus shown in FIG. 6.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing a relationship among a rotational angle, aplate thickness of the second phase difference compensating plate andbrightness three-dimensionally.

FIG. 11 is a graph exhibiting the three-dimensional graph shown in FIG.10 in plane by a contour line.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing a relationship between a parameter“(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the horizontal direction and brightness.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing one example of a light leaking state thathappens in accordance with a direction of incident light when the lightis incident into the reflective liquid crystal element in the dark statewhen a pre-tilt angle of the liquid crystal is 80 degrees.

FIG. 14 is a graph of cross section that is cut along the arrowdirection shown in FIG. 13 showing a relationship between brightness anda rotational angle of the second phase difference compensating plate.

In FIG. 6, a reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 20(hereinafter referred to as reflective-LCD projector 20) is identical tothe reflective LCD projector 14 shown in FIG. 1 except for a secondphase difference compensating plate 22 having a thickness of H2.Therefore, details of the same functions and operations as thereflective LCD projector 14 are omitted. As shown in FIG. 6, the secondphase difference compensating plate 22 is disposed in parallel to thepolarizing plate unit 16 and the reflective LCD 8 without being tilted.In this case, the second phase difference compensating plate 22 isdifferent from the first phase difference compensating plate 18 in anoptical characteristic such that the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 has a refractive index difference in the planeparallel direction, which generates a phase difference larger thananother phase difference generated by an applied voltage that is usedfor displaying black state, and a refractive index in a thicknessdirection is smaller than another refractive index in the plane paralleldirection.

In FIG. 7( b), a liquid crystal molecule 8A is twisted in the plane ofthe second phase difference compensating plate 22 by an angle of θ3(hereinafter referred to as a pre-twist angle θ3) with respect to thex-axis of the reflective LCD 8, and the liquid crystal molecule 8A istilted by a pre-tilt angle θ2.

Further, in FIG. 7( b), an arrow A22 is a rotational direction of thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22, an arrow A16A is apolarizing direction of incident light by the polarizing plate 16A andan arrow A16B is a detecting direction of reflected light by thepolarizing plate 16B.

As shown in FIG. 7( b), a refractive index varies by a direction in theplane of the second phase difference compensating plate 22. For example,in the plane of the second phase difference compensating plate 22, if afirst refractive index in a particular direction that conducts a largestrefractive index is defined as Nx, a second refractive index in a planeparallel direction that intersects perpendicularly to the particulardirection is defined as Ny, and a third refractive index in thethickness direction, that is, the vertical direction of the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 is defined as Nz, there existed arelationship among the first to third refractive indexes Nx, Ny and Nzas shown below.

Nx>Ny>Nz

The thickness H2 of the second phase differences compensating plate 22is set as follows:

First of all, it is less effective that a phase difference between arefractive index difference (Nx−Ny) in the plane parallel direction ofthe second phase difference compensating plate 22 and a parameter in thehorizontal direction obtained by multiplying the thickness H2 of thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22, that is, “(Nx−Ny)·H2” issmaller than another phase difference caused by a liquid crystal in aliquid crystal cell that inclines from the vertical direction.Consequently, the phase difference is desirable to be larger than theother phase difference.

Secondarily, the parameter “(Nx−Ny)·H2” in the horizontal direction ofthe second phase difference compensating plate 22 is desirable to besmaller than “Δn·d”, wherein “Δn” is a refractive index differencebetween a major axis direction and a minor axis direction of a liquidcrystal in the reflective LCD 8, and the “d” is a thickness of theliquid crystal cell of the reflective LCD 8.

By assigning the thickness H2 of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 to the above-mentioned conditions and by rotatingthe second phase difference compensating plate 22 to the arrow directionA22 shown in FIG. 7( b), a condition such as lesser light leakage in thedark state and high in contrast ratio can be obtained. The refractiveindex Nz in the thickness direction of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 is defined by the condition as follows:

Increasing gradually a parameter “(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the vertical directionof the second phase difference compensating plate 22 increases a rangeof incident angle in which predetermined contrast ratio can be obtained.However, increasing the parameter “(Nx−Ny)·H2” excessively deterioratescontrast ratio, on the contrary. It is desirable for the parameter“(Nx−Nz)·H2” that a maximal range of incident angle can be obtained bythe value out of values satisfying the conditions of contrast ratio.

In a case that the film VA-110 (registered trademark) manufactured bySumitomo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., for example, is used for thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22, a particular case thatthe thickness H2 of the second phase difference compensating plate 22 is46 μm, wherein Nx is 1.50085, Ny is 1.50073 and Nz is 1.49832, forexample, is explained next.

Further, “Δn” and “d” is the same value as those of the firstembodiment, that is, 0.083 and 3.2 μm respectively.

Furthermore, the second phase difference compensating plate 22 isrotated with pivoting its center as a shaft of rotation in the plane,and then the second phase difference compensating plate 22 is fixed atan optimal rotational position. The optimal rotational position dependson the polarizing direction A16A of incident light into the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 and an orientation direction of liquidcrystal molecule, so that this process of rotating the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 for an optimal rotational position isconducted. In this case, there existed four optimal directions oroptimal rotational positions (will be explained later)

Moreover, the pre-twist angle θ3 of the liquid crystal molecule 8A ofthe reflective LCD 8 is 45 degrees and the pre-tilt angle θ2 is 85degrees. In addition, an incident direction of polarized light (adirection of oscillatory surface of light) into the reflective LCD 8 iszero degree.

In the reflective LCD projector 20 constituted as mentioned above, whenmonochromatic light of green (G) having a wavelength of 550 nm isperpendicularly incident into the reflective LCD 8 that is supplied withno voltage, a contrast ratio is 2300:1. Consequently, excellent contrastratio can be obtained.

While the second phase difference compensating plate 22 is rotated onits center axis as a shaft of rotation fully in the plane paralleldirection, an appearing state of black level (displaying black state) isexplained next, wherein a driving voltage for the reflective LCD 8 iszero volt. As shown in FIG. 8, an output becomes zero at four points A,B, C and D and results in displaying complete black state while thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22 is rotated fully one turn.Therefore, it is apparent that a rotational position of the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 shall be fixed to any one point of thefour points A, B, C and D for optimal contrast ratio. Consequently,contrast of black and white can be set maximally. In addition, the fourpoints A, B, C and D are allocated in positions being symmetric withrespect to the center of rotation of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22.

In a case that the rotational position of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 is set to the point “A”, a contrast ratio isincreased to more than 10000:1 when G (green) monochromatic light havingthe wavelength of 550 nm is incident perpendicularly to the reflectiveLCD 8.

Further, a characteristic of viewing angle characteristic is excellentand resulted in expanding the viewing angle characteristic. This iscaused by enabling to compensate light optically even though the lightis incident from an inclined direction.

Furthermore, brightness is hardly reduced even in a state of rotatingthe second phase difference compensating plate 22.

A viewing angle characteristic and displaying a level of black and whiteis examined hereupon. Results of the evaluation are explained next.

A method of the examination is the same as that of the first embodimentand each state of black level is monitored. A graph indicating intensityof the black level when monitored is shown in FIG. 9. In a case that anincident angle α1 is set to be 20, 40, 60 and 80 degrees respectively,four coaxial circles shown in FIG. 9 correspond to 20, 40, 60 and 80degrees of the incident angle α1 respectively in accordance with circlesfrom the innermost circle to the outermost circle. Figures 0°, 90°,180°, and 270°, allocated along the outermost circle are azimuth angles.

It is apparent from the graph shown in FIG. 9 that a shaded area inwhich a black level is a practical level is relatively wide.

Further, it is found that a wide viewing angle characteristic can beobtained without showing a tendency of brightness that increases rapidlyin a particular direction.

Furthermore, in a case of the second embodiment, it is allowed for thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22 that accuracy of arotational position is not strict, so that tolerance becomes larger.Consequently, the second phase difference compensating plate 22 can beadhered on the surface of the reflective LCD 8 or on the surface of adichroic prism in a case of displaying in color.

In this case, a mechanism for adjusting rotation of the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 is not necessary and resulted inreducing costs for materials and manufacturing the mechanism.

Further, a space for installing the mechanism is not necessary.Therefore, a distance between the dichroic prism and the reflective LCD8 can be shortened and resulted in creating a margin for back focus ofthe projection lens 10. Consequently, a short distance projection can berealized.

In addition thereto, enabling to shorten the back focus makes designingof a projection lens easier. A projection lens that is low in cost canbe used.

The major point explained with referring to FIG. 8 is further detailednext. As mentioned above, one of parameters that optimize contrast ratiois the refractive index difference “(Nx−Ny)” in the plane paralleldirection of the second phase difference compensating plate 22 or thethickness H2 of the second phase difference compensating plate 22. Byrotating the second phase difference compensating plate 22, contrastratio can be optimized.

Further, a relationship among light leakage or brightness when novoltage is applied to the reflective LCD 8, that is, in the dark state,a rotational angle and thickness H2 of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 is obtained.

FIG. 10 is a graph exhibiting three-dimensionally the relationship amonga brightness, a rotational angle and a thickness H2, and FIG. 11illustrates the three-dimensional graph shown in FIG. 10 in a plan viewby contour lines. In FIG. 10, a rotational angle of the second phasedifference compensating plate 22 is allocated in the horizontaldirection, the thickness H2 is allocated in a depth direction that isperpendicular to the horizontal direction and an intensity of leakedlight is allocated in the vertical direction. Each parameter of thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22 is the same as thatexhibited in the explanation of the above-mentioned film VA-110. Asmentioned above, light leakage (brightness) in the dark state isexamined. Consequently, it is defined that a dark area low in brightnessis excellent in characteristics.

As shown in FIGS. 10 and 11, there existed two peaks: a peak P1 ishigher in brightness and another peak P2 is lower in brightness. Inorder to eliminate light leakage, that is, in order to increase contrastratio, a rotational angle and a thickness of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 should be set in a shaded area shown in FIG. 11,which is a valley area around the two peaks P1 and P2. The shaded areashown in FIG. 11 that is provided with relatively wide area representsthat a rotational angle of the second phase difference compensatingplate 22 is easy to adjust while assembling the reflective LCD projector20.

In this connection, the graph shown in FIG. 8 shows a state of crosssection, which is cut along the horizontal direction, that is, cut alongthe rotational angle direction of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 at a position where the thickness H2 is 46 μm inFIG. 10. Although the rotational angle of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 is indicated up to 190 degrees in FIG. 10,positions in a prolonging direction of points A and B shown in FIG. 10almost correspond to the points A and B in FIG. 8 respectively. In FIGS.10 and 11, they exhibit a case that the pre-tilt angle θ2 is 85 degrees.If the pre-tilt angle θ2 is changed, locations of the peaks P1 and P2 inFIG. 10 are shifted only in the thickness H2 direction. Consequently, atotal shape of rise and fall is basically not changed.

Further, a relationship between the parameter “(Nx−Ny)·H2” in thehorizontal direction and brightness is shown in FIG. 12. Two curvescorresponding to pre-tilt angles of 80 and 85 degrees respectively areillustrated in FIG. 12. The curves are equivalent to a cross section ofa region between 130 degrees and 140 degrees of the rotational angle ofthe second phase difference compensating plate 22 shown in FIG. 10 withbeing cut along the thickness H2 direction. In FIG. 12, a minimumportion is an optimal point. However, as shown in FIG. 11, the optimalpoint is distributed widely in the rotational direction of the secondphase difference compensating plate 22.

In the above explanation, it is defined as a condition that light isincident perpendicularly into the second phase difference compensatingplate 22 and emerges perpendicularly from the second phase differencecompensating plate 22. However, light is actually incident into thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22 from a diagonal directioninclined by a certain angle from the vertical direction. Therefore, asmentioned above, the value of refractive index Nz in the depth directionof the second phase difference compensating plate 22 becomes animportant factor as the parameter “(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the verticaldirection.

The parameter “(Nx−Nz)·H2” affects a characteristic of viewing anglecharacteristic.

FIG. 13 is an exemplary graph showing a state of light leakage thathappens with depending upon a direction of incident light when the lightis incident into the reflective LCD in the dark state, wherein apre-tilt angle θ2 of liquid crystal is 80 degrees. In this case, acondition of the second phase difference compensating plate 22 is thesame as the case of using the film VA-110 mentioned above. As shown inFIG. 13, a shaded area in which a black level is practical level isextremely narrow.

Further, the pre-tilt angle of 80 degrees makes the parameter“(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the vertical direction change and the characteristic ofviewing angle characteristic is apt to be worst. FIG. 14 is a graphshowing a cross section, which is cut along an arrow direction shown inFIG. 13 in the azimuth angle from 225 degrees to 45 degrees.

In FIG. 14, the horizontal axis shows a tilt angle of incident light,wherein the vertical direction is defined as zero degree, and the graphis illustrated by various thicknesses H2 of the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 from zero to 200 μm as a parameter.

As it is apparent from FIG. 14, increasing the thickness H2 of thesecond phase difference compensating plate 22 from zero to 80 μm,actually, increasing the parameter “(Nx−Nz)·H2” in the depth directionfrom zero to 80 μm reduces light leakage and results in improving blacklevel excellently.

Further, it is confirmed that a black level expands to a tilteddirection of incident light in a wide area excellently. However, in acase that the thickness H2 exceeds 80 μm and becomes too thick (from 140μm to 200 μm), it is confirmed that light leakage increases and theblack level is deteriorated.

Accordingly, an area in which a black level becomes an optimal value canbe obtained in a relatively wide range and the second phase differencecompensating plate 22 can be adjusted easily if the thickness H2 is notmore than 80 μm.

Third Embodiment

In the above-mentioned second embodiment, the thickness H2 of the secondphase difference compensating plate 22 is not particularly specified inrelation to a wavelength (λ) of incident light. On the contrary, in thisthird embodiment, by setting a thickness of phase differencecompensating plate such that a phase difference generated in the phasedifference compensating plate is more than another phase differencegenerated in a reflective liquid crystal element and not more than λ/4,wherein a wavelength of incident light is defined as λ, a brightprojected picture image can be obtained even though a pre-tilt angle ofliquid crystal becomes smaller as well as displaying the picture imagehigh in contrast ratio.

FIG. 15 is a third basic configuration of a reflective liquid crystalprojection apparatus according to a third embodiment of the presentinvention.

FIG. 16 shows a polarization direction of each plate of polarizingplates for incident light and reflected light and a phase differencecompensating plate shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a graph showing a change of black level when changing anangle α shown in FIG. 16 and a plate thickness H3 of the phasedifference compensating plate 32 shown in FIG. 15.

FIG. 18 is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when the phase difference compensating plate 32 is excluded.

FIG. 19( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase difference compensatingplate 32 is 1×λ/4.

FIG. 19( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristiccorresponding to the relationship shown in FIG. 19( a).

FIG. 20( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase difference compensatingplate 32 is 1.5×λ/4.

FIG. 20( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristiccorresponding to the relationship shown in FIG. 20( a).

FIG. 21( a) is a graph showing a relationship between brightness and anapplied voltage across the reflective liquid crystal element 8 shown inFIG. 15 when a phase difference in the phase difference compensatingplate 32 is 0.5×λ/4, 1×λ/4 and 1.5·λ/4 respectively.

FIG. 21( b) is a graph showing a viewing angle characteristic when aphase difference in the phase difference compensating plate 32 is0.5>λ/4.

As shown in FIG. 15, a reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus 30(hereinafter referred to as reflective LCD projector 30) according tothe third embodiment is identical to the reflective LCD projector 20shown in FIG. 6 except for a third phase difference compensating plate32. Therefore, details of the same components, functions and operationsare omitted. In FIG. 15, the reflective LCD projector 30 is providedwith the third phase difference compensating plate 32 between thereflective LCD 8 and the polarizing plate 16, wherein the polarizingplate 16 is further composed of the polarizing plate 16A for incidentlight and the other polarizing plate 16B for reflected light. The thirdphase difference compensating plate 32 shifts the linear polarization,which is applied to incident light passing through the polarizing plate16A, to the circular polarization or the elliptical polarization. Athickness H3 of the third phase difference compensating plate 32 is setto be such that a phase difference generated in the third phasedifference compensating plate 32 is more than another phase differencegenerated in the reflective LCD 8 and not more than λ/4, wherein awavelength of the incident light is defined as λ.

The third phase difference compensating plate 32 is rotated in the planeparallel direction so as for a black level to be excellent maximallyeven in this third embodiment. However, if the phase difference that isgenerated in the third phase difference compensating plate 32 exceedsλ/4, an optimal incident angle of light that maximizes brightness of aprojected picture image changes as described in a later paragraph.Consequently, the projected picture image becomes darker. It is notpreferable for the projected picture image to be dark. A projectedpicture image becomes darker in accordance with decreasing a pre-tiltangle of liquid crystal.

On the other hand, in a case that the phase difference generated in thethird phase difference compensating plate 32 is less than λ/4,brightness of a projected picture image can be increased as well asimproving a performance of displaying black state. Consequently, byadjusting the phase difference to be less than λ/4, a projected pictureimage itself is set to be brighter as well as displaying the pictureimage high in contrast ratio although a pre-tilt angle of liquid crystalbecomes small.

A direction of each optical axis of the polarizing plates 16A and 16Band the third phase difference compensating plate 32 is shown in FIG.16. In FIG. 16, arrows P16A, P16B, P32 and P8A are a polarizationdirection of the polarizing plate 16A, a polarizing direction of thepolarizing plate 16B, a polarization direction of the third phasedifference compensating plate 32 and an orientation angle of liquidcrystal respectively. As shown in FIG. 16, an optical axis of the thirdphase difference compensating plate 32 is rotated by an angle α withrespect to a light transmitting axis of the polarizing plate 16A. Theangle α corresponds to the point “D” shown in FIG. 8.

FIG. 17 shows a change of brightness of black level when the angle α andthe thickness H3 of the third phase difference compensating plate 32 ischanged and no voltage is applied across liquid crystal, wherein apre-tilt angle θ2 of the liquid crystal is 70 degrees. In FIG. 17, thethickness H3 is defined as a phase difference that is generated in thethird phase difference compensating plate 32 and a phase differencecompensating plate having a thickness equivalent to λ/4 is defined as areference plate. As shown in FIG. 17, the thickness H3 is changed withina range from 0.5 to 1.5 times λ/4. As it is apparent from the graphshown in FIG. 17, by adjusting the angle α of the third phase differencecompensating plate 32, a black level can be adjusted for the minimumlevel.

A relationship between an applied voltage across the reflective LCD 8and brightness, and a viewing angle characteristic is studied withrespect to particular cases of the thickness H3 of the third phasedifference compensating plate 32. The particular cases are as follows: afirst case is that the thickness H3 is zero, (that is, no third phasedifference compensating plate 32 is provided), with defining that thethickness H3 is a phase difference generated in the third phasedifference compensating plate 32, a second case is that the thickness H3is λ/4(1×λ/4), a third case is that the thickness H3 is 1.5 times thesecond case (1.5×λ/4), a fourth case is that the thickness H3 is halfthe second case (0.5×λ/4), wherein a viewing angle characteristic is notprovided for the first case.

FIG. 18 shows a relationship between a supplied voltage across thereflective LCD 8 and brightness while a pre-tilt angle θ2 of liquidcrystal is 70 degrees and the third phase difference compensating plate32 is not provided (the first case). In this first case, a certainintensity of brightness ΔL leaks even though the applied voltage iszero, and no contrast is obtained at all. Consequently,characteristic-wise the first case is not desirable.

FIG. 19( a) is a graph showing a relationship between an applied voltageacross the reflective LCD 8 and brightness when the thickness H3 is setsuch that a phase difference generated in the third phase differencecompensating plate 32 becomes 1×λ/4, wherein the angle α is 9 degrees(the second case). FIG. 19( b) is a graph of the second case showing aviewing angle characteristic.

As shown in FIG. 19( a), the light leakage ΔL shown in FIG. 18 is notexisted in this second case even when the applied voltage is zero, andexcellent contrast ratio can be obtained. However, a peak value ofbrightness shown by a peak M1 is the order of 0.92 and brightness islowered. The reason why the brightness is lowered is exhibited in theviewing angle characteristic shown in FIG. 19( b) (that shows thecharacteristic when a voltage, which drives liquid crystal so as tobrighten the center of the reflective LCD 8 maximally, is applied). Asshown in FIG. 19( b), a most brightening part Y1 is shifted from thecenter to the right and left directions. On the contrary, brightness ofthe center part is reduced. In addition thereto, the viewing anglecharacteristic shown in FIG. 19( b) is exhibited by contour lines ofbrightness. Exhibiting brightness by contour lines is the same situationas for the third and fourth cases.

FIG. 20( a) is a graph showing a relationship between an applied voltageacross the reflective LCD 8 and brightness when the thickness H3 is setsuch that a phase difference generated in the third phase differencecompensating plate 32 becomes 1.5×λ/4, wherein the angle α is 11 degrees(the third case). FIG. 20( b) is a graph of the third case showing aviewing angle characteristic when brightness of the center part ismaximum.

As shown in FIG. 20( a), the light leakage ΔL shown in FIG. 18 does notexist in this third case even when the applied voltage is zero, andexcellent contrast ratio can be obtained. However, a peak value ofbrightness shown by a peak M2 is the order of 0.65, and brightness isdeteriorated extremely. The reason why the brightness is deteriorated isexhibited in the viewing angle characteristic shown in FIG. 20( b) (thatshows the characteristic when a voltage, which drives liquid crystal soas to brighten the center of the reflective LCD 8 maximally, isapplied). As shown in FIG. 20( b), a most brightening part Y2 is shiftedfrom the center to the right and left directions furthermore incomparison with the most brightening part Y1 shown in FIG. 19( b), andbrightness of the center part is drastically reduced.

FIG. 21( a) is a graph showing a relationship between an applied voltageacross the reflective LCD 8 and brightness when the thickness H3 is setsuch that a phase difference generated in the third phase differencecompensating plate 32 becomes 0.5×λ/4, wherein the angle α is 14 degrees(the fourth case). FIG. 21( b) is a graph of the fourth case showing aviewing angle characteristic when brightness of the center part ismaximum.

Further, in FIG. 21( a), two other curves of which phase differences inthe third phase difference compensating plate 32 correspond to 1×λ/4(the second case) and 1.5×λ/4 (the third case) respectively areillustrated for the purpose of comparison.

As shown in FIG. 21( a), the light leakage ΔL shown in FIG. 18 does notexist in this fourth case even when the applied voltage is zero, andexcellent contrast ratio can be obtained.

Furthermore, in a case that the thickness H3 of the third phasedifference compensating plate 32 generates a phase difference of0.5×λ/4, a peak value of brightness in the center part shown by a peakM3 in FIG. 21( a) is the order of one approximately and the brightnessis kept in the brightest condition without reducing brightness even in acase that a pre-tilt angle of liquid crystal is 70 degrees. The reasonwhy the brightness is in the brightest condition is exhibited in theviewing angle characteristic shown in FIG. 21( b) (that shows thecharacteristic when a voltage, which drives liquid crystal so as tobrighten the center of the reflective LCD 8 maximally, is applied). Asshown in FIG. 21( b), a most brightening part Y3 is not shifted from thecenter to the right and left directions at all and the center part is inthe brightest condition. As mentioned above, in the case that thepre-tilt angle of liquid crystal is 70 degrees, the black level can beimproved and excellent contrast ratio can be obtained by rotating andadjusting the third phase difference compensating plate 32 regardless ofa phase difference generated in the third phase difference compensatingplate 32 even under a condition of hardly obtaining contrast ratio dueto extreme light leakage while no voltage is applied across the liquidcrystal. However, in the case that a phase difference generated in thethird phase difference compensating plate 32 exceeds 1×λ/4, a peak valueof brightness is excessively lowered, so that it is not desirable forthe thickness H3.

While the invention has been described above with reference to specificembodiments thereof, it is apparent that many changes, modifications andvariations in the arrangement of equipment and devices and in materialscan be made without departing from the invention concept disclosedherein. For example, in these embodiments, the case of using apolarizing plate as a polarizing device is explained. However, apolarizing device is not limited to the polarizing plate. Any kind ofpolarizing device can be used as far as it generates polarizing effect.

As mentioned above, according to the aspect of the present invention,there is provided a reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus,which can display a projected picture image high in brightness and highin black-and-white contrast ratio.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations could be made in the reflective liquidcrystal projection apparatus in the present invention without departingfrom the scope or spirit of the invention.

1. A reflective liquid crystal projection apparatus comprising: a lightsource; means for polarizing incident light from the light source; areflective liquid crystal element optically modulating the firstpolarized light passed through the means for polarizing incident lightinto second polarized light and reflecting the second polarized light;means for polarizing the second polarized light reflected by thereflective liquid crystal element; and a phase difference compensatingplate disposed between the reflective liquid crystal element and themeans for polarizing incident light and reflected light in a light pathof the light emitted from the light source, the reflective liquidcrystal projection apparatus projecting a picture image formed in thereflective liquid crystal element by the second polarized light passingthrough the means for polarizing reflected light, and wherein the phasedifference compensating plate has no anisotropy in a plane paralleldirection and has a refractive index in the plane parallel directionlarger than another refractive index in the thickness direction, and isslightly tilted with respect to the reflective liquid crystal element,and wherein the phase difference compensating plate is slightly tiltedby an angle of θ degrees with respect to the reflective liquid crystalelement, and further wherein the angle θ is approximately equal toanother angle θ1 that is an angle of a major axis of a liquid crystalmolecule of the reflective liquid crystal element with respect to a linenormal to the surface of the reflective liquid crystal element.
 2. Thereflective liquid crystal projection apparatus as claimed in claim 1,wherein the angle θ is approximately five degrees.